In 1990 there was a production of Richard III at the National Theatre, later also made into a film, which reset it in the 1930s, with Ian McKellen playing Richard as a chain smoking brylcreemed Fascist. This has some power because of the fascistic sympathies of so many of the British ruling class at the time, from Lord Northcliffe to Oswald Moseley and, indeed, the Duke of Windsor. The cast had enormous fun insinuating excruciating Windsor vowels (that rhyme house with mice) onto the deadly playfulness of Shakespeare’s rollicking, knockabout verse.
At the Play’s climax, just before the Battle of Bosworth, McKellen drew out – and if I recall it right – slightly changed a line that could easily be overlooked, making it an overt pivot. Straight after Henry Tudor’s oration to his troops, which could have been a press release written for the start of any war by the Foreign Office today – all about doing God’s work in overthrowing a bloody tyrant* and getting the grateful thanks of generations to come – Richard’s speech strikes a different tone.
Rather than What shall I say more than I have inferr’d? Mckellen says “What to say?” and pauses with a feeling of intense spiritual emptiness, while he tries to think of something…anything…that will motivate his troops.
Then he launches into a barrage of poisonous xenophobia for want of anything positive to offer.
Remember whom you are to cope withal;
A sort of vagabonds, rascals, and runaways
A scum of Bretons, and base lackey peasants,
Whom their o’er-cloyed country vomits forth
To desperate ventures and assured destruction.
These people are below you; “base lackey peasants”, “vagabonds, rascals and runaways” and foreigners too coming over here from “their o’er cloyed country” to make trouble in a place that would otherwise be just tickety boo.
You sleeping safe, they bring to you unrest;
You having lands, and blest with beauteous wives,
They would restrain the one, distain the other.
There you were without any problems, least of all any problems from me, doing alright and then this lot turn up wanting what you’ve got. And they’re after your women too.
Let’s whip these stragglers o’er the seas again;
Lash hence these overweening rags of France,
These famish’d beggars, weary of their lives;
Who, but for dreaming on this fond exploit,
For want of means, poor rats, had hang’d themselves:
These are desperate people without any wealth or hope: “famished beggars”. Lets do the decent thing and send them back where they came from.
If we be conquer’d, let men conquer us,
And not these bastard Bretons; whom our fathers
Have in their own land beaten, bobb’d, and thump’d,
And in record, left them the heirs of shame.
We’re not going to have to live with people who we used to conquer and knock about. We’re better than them. We must live up to our forefathers proud Imperial record – and definitely not feel in any way that there is anything wrong with beating, bobbing and thumping other people in “their own land”. You “can’t do defence on the goal line” after all.
Shall these enjoy our lands? lie with our wives?
Ravish our daughters?
And don’t forget. They want what you’ve got and they want your women, because ravishing them is our job.
Needless to say, he went on to lose; the offer of a Kingdom for a horse notwithstanding.
Listen to the speeches at the “Tommy Robinson” rally on May 16th and all these themes are there; often articulated by people ventriloquising them off the peg from a ruling class with nothing positive to offer, but centuries of practice in the emotional manipulation of xenophobic fears. The saving grace of Richard III, like all of Shakespeare’s Machiavells, is that he has a wicked sense of humour (and constantly breaks the fourth wall, so we’re in on the joke in a way that makes us all complicit). “Robinson”, that strutting little grifter in the pocket of Elon Musk, does not have the wit for that.
*Henry (VII) of course, went on to be quite the tyrant himself, and a much more thought out and systematic one than most.





